<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>


<!--  FILE : fatty_acid_activation_and_oxidation_model.xml

CREATED :  14th June 2002

LAST MODIFIED : 22nd July 2002

AUTHOR :  Catherine Lloyd
          The Bioengineering Institute
          The University of Auckland
          
MODEL STATUS :  This model conforms to the CellML 1.0 Specification released on
                10th August 2001, and the 16/01/2002 CellML Metadata 1.0
                Specification.

DESCRIPTION :  This file contains a CellML description of a generic model of
               fatty acid activation and oxidation.

CHANGES:  
   22/07/2002 - CML - Added more metadata.
-->

<model name="fatty_acid_activation_and_oxidation_model" pathway_editor:rendering_config_file="fatty_acid_activation_and_oxidation_CellMLrender.xml" xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:cmeta="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/1.0#" xmlns:pathway_editor="http://www.physiome.com/pathway_editor/1.0#">
  <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:bqs="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:vCard="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#">
    <!--
      The following RDF block contains metadata that applies to this document
      as a whole, as indicated by the empty about attribute on the 
      <rdf:Description> element.
    -->
    <rdf:Description rdf:about="">
      <!--
        The Model Builder Metadata.  The Dublin Core "creator" element is used  
        to indicate the person who translated the model into CellML.
      -->
      <dc:creator rdf:parseType="Resource">
        <vCard:N rdf:parseType="Resource">
          <vCard:Family>Lloyd</vCard:Family>
          <vCard:Given>Catherine</vCard:Given>
          <vCard:Other>May</vCard:Other>
        </vCard:N>
        <vCard:EMAIL rdf:parseType="Resource">
          <rdf:value>c.lloyd@auckland.ac.nz</rdf:value>
          <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://imc.org/vCard/3.0#internet" />
        </vCard:EMAIL>
        <vCard:ORG rdf:parseType="Resource">
          <vCard:Orgname>The University of Auckland</vCard:Orgname>
          <vCard:Orgunit>The Bioengineering Institute</vCard:Orgunit>
        </vCard:ORG>
      </dc:creator>
      
      <!--
        The Creation Date metadata. This is the date on which the model
        was translated into CellML.
      -->
      <dcterms:created rdf:parseType="Resource">
        <dcterms:W3CDTF>2002-06-14</dcterms:W3CDTF>
      </dcterms:created>
      
      <!--
        The Last Modified Date metadata. This is the date on which
        the model was last changed.
      -->
      
      <!-- The Publisher metadata. -->
      <dc:publisher>
        The University of Auckland, Bioengineering Institute
      </dc:publisher>
    </rdf:Description>
    
    <!--
      The following metadata refers to the model itself, as indicated by the
      reference to the ID "fatty_acid_activation_and_oxidation_mode1", which is 
      declared on the <model> element.
    -->
    <rdf:Description rdf:about="#fatty_acid_activation_and_oxidation_mode1">
      <!-- A human readable name for the model. -->
      <dc:title>A Generic Model Of Fatty Acid Activation And 
      Oxidation</dc:title>
      
      <!-- A comment regarding the model. -->
      <cmeta:comment rdf:parseType="Resource">
        <rdf:value>
          Below is a CellML description of a general model of fatty acid 
          activation and oxidation.  It is not based on a specific published 
          mathematical model, but instead it is based on a textbook defined 
          pathway.  The general sequential structure and all the reactant, 
          product and enzyme components are included.  Michaelis-Menten enzyme 
          kinetics are assumed.
          
          The purpose of this description is to illustrate how CellML can be
          used to model a general metabolic pathway.
        </rdf:value>
        <!-- The creator of the comment. -->
        <dc:creator>
          <vCard:FN>Catherine Lloyd</vCard:FN>
        </dc:creator>
      </cmeta:comment>
      
      <cmeta:species>Homo sapiens</cmeta:species>
      
      <!--  Keyword(s) -->
      <bqs:reference rdf:parseType="Resource">
        <dc:subject rdf:parseType="Resource">
          <bqs:subject_type>keyword</bqs:subject_type>
          <rdf:value>metabolism</rdf:value>
        </dc:subject>
      </bqs:reference>  
      
      <bqs:Book rdf:parseType="Resource">
        <dc:creator rdf:parseType="Resource">
          <bqs:Person rdf:parseType="Resource">
            <vCard:N rdf:parseType="Resource">
              <vCard:Family>Bronk</vCard:Family>
              <vCard:Given>J</vCard:Given>
              <vCard:Other>Ramsey</vCard:Other>
            </vCard:N>
          </bqs:Person>
        </dc:creator>
        <dc:title>Human Metabolism</dc:title>
        <dcterms:issued rdf:parseType="Resource">
          <dcterms:W3CDTF>1999</dcterms:W3CDTF>
        </dcterms:issued>
        <dc:publisher rdf:parseType="Resource">
          <bqs:Organisation>Addison Wesley Longman Limited</bqs:Organisation>
          <bqs:Property rdf:parseType="Resource">
            <bqs:property_type>location</bqs:property_type>
            <rdf:value>England</rdf:value>
          </bqs:Property>
        </dc:publisher>
      </bqs:Book>
    </rdf:Description>
  </rdf:RDF>
  
  <!--
    We start the model definition with a definition of some named
    sets of units for use throughout the model.
  -->
   
  <units name="micromolar">
    <unit prefix="micro" units="mole" />
    <unit units="litre" exponent="-1" />
  </units>

  <units name="flux">
    <unit units="micromolar" />
    <unit units="second" exponent="-1" />
  </units>
  
  <units name="second_order_rate_constant">
    <unit units="micromolar" exponent="-1" />
    <unit units="second" exponent="-1" />
  </units>

 <!--  
   The following component is defined for modelling convenience.  It contains 
   all the universal variables, in this case, only time.
  -->
  <component name="global_variables">
    <variable name="time" public_interface="out" units="second" />
  </component>

 <!--  
   The following components describe all the metabolites - both reactants and 
   products - involved in fatty acid activation and oxidation.
  -->

  <component name="fatty_acid" cmeta:id="fatty_acid">
    <variable name="fatty_acid" public_interface="out" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_fatty_acid_rxn0" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="time" public_interface="in" units="second" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply><eq />
        <apply><diff />
          <bvar>
            <ci>time</ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci>fatty_acid</ci>
        </apply>
        <ci>delta_fatty_acid_rxn0</ci>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>

  <component name="ATP" cmeta:id="ATP">
    <variable name="ATP" public_interface="out" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_ATP_rxn0" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="time" public_interface="in" units="second" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply><eq />
        <apply><diff />
          <bvar>
            <ci>time</ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci>ATP</ci>
        </apply>
        <ci>delta_ATP_rxn0</ci>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>

  <component name="Pyrophosphate" cmeta:id="Pyrophosphate">
    <variable name="Pyrophosphate" public_interface="out" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_Pyrophosphate_rxn0" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="time" public_interface="in" units="second" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply><eq />
        <apply><diff />
          <bvar>
            <ci>time</ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci>Pyrophosphate</ci>
        </apply>
        <ci>delta_Pyrophosphate_rxn0</ci>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>

  <component name="Fatty_acyl_CoA" cmeta:id="Fatty_acyl_CoA">
    <variable name="Fatty_acyl_CoA" public_interface="out" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_Fatty_acyl_CoA_rxn1" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_Fatty_acyl_CoA_rxn2" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="time" public_interface="in" units="second" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply><eq />
        <apply><diff />
          <bvar>
            <ci>time</ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci>Fatty_acyl_CoA</ci>
        </apply>
        <apply><plus />
          <ci>delta_Fatty_acyl_CoA_rxn1</ci>
          <ci>delta_Fatty_acyl_CoA_rxn2</ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>

  <component name="AMP" cmeta:id="AMP">
    <variable name="AMP" public_interface="out" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_AMP_rxn1" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="time" public_interface="in" units="second" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply><eq />
        <apply><diff />
          <bvar>
            <ci>time</ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci>AMP</ci>
        </apply>
        <ci>delta_AMP_rxn1</ci>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>

  <component name="CoA_SH" cmeta:id="CoA_SH">
    <variable name="CoA_SH" public_interface="out" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_CoA_SH_rxn1" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_CoA_SH_rxn5" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="time" public_interface="in" units="second" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply><eq />
        <apply><diff />
          <bvar>
            <ci>time</ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci>CoA_SH</ci>
        </apply>
        <apply><plus />
          <ci>delta_CoA_SH_rxn1</ci>
          <ci>delta_CoA_SH_rxn5</ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>

  <component name="Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride" cmeta:id="Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride">
    <variable name="Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride" public_interface="out" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride_rxn0" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride_rxn1" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="time" public_interface="in" units="second" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply><eq />
        <apply><diff />
          <bvar>
            <ci>time</ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci>Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride</ci>
        </apply>
        <apply><plus />
          <ci>delta_Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride_rxn0</ci>
          <ci>delta_Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride_rxn1</ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>

  <component name="trans_Enol_CoA" cmeta:id="trans_Enol_CoA">
    <variable name="trans_Enol_CoA" public_interface="out" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_trans_Enol_CoA_rxn2" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_trans_Enol_CoA_rxn3" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="time" public_interface="in" units="second" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply><eq />
        <apply><diff />
          <bvar>
            <ci>time</ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci>trans_Enol_CoA</ci>
        </apply>
        <apply><plus />
          <ci>delta_trans_Enol_CoA_rxn2</ci>
          <ci>delta_trans_Enol_CoA_rxn3</ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>

  <component name="L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA" cmeta:id="L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA">
    <variable name="L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA" public_interface="out" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA_rxn3" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA_rxn4" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="time" public_interface="in" units="second" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply><eq />
        <apply><diff />
          <bvar>
            <ci>time</ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci>L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA</ci>
        </apply>
        <apply><plus />
          <ci>delta_L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA_rxn3</ci>
          <ci>delta_L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA_rxn4</ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>

  <component name="beta_Ketoacyl_CoA" cmeta:id="beta_Ketoacyl_CoA">
    <variable name="beta_Ketoacyl_CoA" public_interface="out" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_beta_Ketoacyl_CoA_rxn4" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_beta_Ketoacyl_CoA_rxn5" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="time" public_interface="in" units="second" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply><eq />
        <apply><diff />
          <bvar>
            <ci>time</ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci>beta_Ketoacyl_CoA</ci>
        </apply>
        <apply><plus />
          <ci>delta_beta_Ketoacyl_CoA_rxn4</ci>
          <ci>delta_beta_Ketoacyl_CoA_rxn5</ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>

  <component name="Acetyl_CoA" cmeta:id="Acetyl_CoA">
    <variable name="Acetyl_CoA" public_interface="out" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_Acetyl_CoA_rxn5" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="time" public_interface="in" units="second" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply><eq />
        <apply><diff />
          <bvar>
            <ci>time</ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci>Acetyl_CoA</ci>
        </apply>
        <ci>delta_Acetyl_CoA_rxn5</ci>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>

  <component name="Fatty_acyl_CoA_minus_2C" cmeta:id="Fatty_acyl_CoA_minus_2C">
    <variable name="Fatty_acyl_CoA_minus_2C" public_interface="out" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_Fatty_acyl_CoA_minus_2C_rxn5" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="time" public_interface="in" units="second" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply><eq />
        <apply><diff />
          <bvar>
            <ci>time</ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci>Fatty_acyl_CoA_minus_2C</ci>
        </apply>
        <ci>delta_Fatty_acyl_CoA_minus_2C_rxn5</ci>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>

  <component name="FAD" cmeta:id="FAD">
    <variable name="FAD" public_interface="out" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_FAD_rxn2" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="time" public_interface="in" units="second" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply><eq />
        <apply><diff />
          <bvar>
            <ci>time</ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci>FAD</ci>
        </apply>
        <ci>delta_FAD_rxn2</ci>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>

  <component name="FADH2" cmeta:id="FADH2">
    <variable name="FADH2" public_interface="out" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_FADH2_rxn2" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="time" public_interface="in" units="second" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply><eq />
        <apply><diff />
          <bvar>
            <ci>time</ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci>FADH2</ci>
        </apply>
        <ci>delta_FADH2_rxn2</ci>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>

  <component name="H2O" cmeta:id="H2O">
    <variable name="H2O" public_interface="out" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_H2O_rxn3" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="time" public_interface="in" units="second" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply><eq />
        <apply><diff />
          <bvar>
            <ci>time</ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci>H2O</ci>
        </apply>
        <ci>delta_H2O_rxn3</ci>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>

  <component name="NAD" cmeta:id="NAD">
    <variable name="NAD" public_interface="out" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_NAD_rxn4" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="time" public_interface="in" units="second" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply><eq />
        <apply><diff />
          <bvar>
            <ci>time</ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci>NAD</ci>
        </apply>
        <ci>delta_NAD_rxn4</ci>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>

  <component name="NADH" cmeta:id="NADH">
    <variable name="NADH" public_interface="out" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_NADH_rxn4" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="time" public_interface="in" units="second" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply><eq />
        <apply><diff />
          <bvar>
            <ci>time</ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci>NADH</ci>
        </apply>
        <ci>delta_NADH_rxn4</ci>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>

  <component name="H" cmeta:id="H">
    <variable name="H" public_interface="out" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_H_rxn4" public_interface="in" units="flux" />
    <variable name="time" public_interface="in" units="second" />
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply><eq />
        <apply><diff />
          <bvar>
            <ci>time</ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci>H</ci>
        </apply>
        <ci>delta_H_rxn4</ci>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>

  <!--  
   The following components describe all the enzymes involved in fatty acid 
   activation and oxidation.
  -->

  <component name="Acyl_CoA_dehydrogenase" cmeta:id="Acyl_CoA_dehydrogenase">
    <variable name="Acyl_CoA_dehydrogenase" public_interface="out" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
  </component>

  <component name="Acyl_CoA_synthetase" cmeta:id="Acyl_CoA_synthetase">
    <variable name="Acyl_CoA_synthetase" public_interface="out" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
  </component>

  <component name="Enol_CoA_hydratase" cmeta:id="Enol_CoA_hydratase">
    <variable name="Enol_CoA_hydratase" public_interface="out" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
  </component>

  <component name="L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA_dehydrogenase" cmeta:id="L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA_dehydrogenase">
    <variable name="L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA_dehydrogenase" public_interface="out" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
  </component>

  <component name="Thiolase" cmeta:id="Thiolase">
    <variable name="Thiolase" public_interface="out" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
  </component>

  <!--
   The following components represent the reaction steps of fatty acid 
   activation and oxidation.
  -->

  <component name="reaction0">
    <variable name="fatty_acid" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="ATP" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="Pyrophosphate" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="Acyl_CoA_synthetase" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_fatty_acid_rxn0" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_ATP_rxn0" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_Pyrophosphate_rxn0" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride_rxn0" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="km0" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="vmax0" initial_value="1.0" units="second_order_rate_constant" />
    <variable name="rate" units="flux" />
    <reaction reversible="no">
      <variable_ref variable="fatty_acid">
        <role role="reactant" delta_variable="delta_fatty_acid_rxn0" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="ATP">
        <role role="reactant" delta_variable="delta_ATP_rxn0" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="Pyrophosphate">
        <role role="product" delta_variable="delta_Pyrophosphate_rxn0" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride">
        <role role="product" delta_variable="delta_Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride_rxn0" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="Acyl_CoA_synthetase">
        <role role="catalyst" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="rate">
        <role role="rate">
          <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
            <apply><eq />
              <ci>rate</ci>
              <apply><divide />
                <apply><times />
                  <ci>fatty_acid</ci>
                  <ci>ATP</ci>
                  <ci>vmax0</ci>
                </apply>
                <apply><plus />
                  <ci>km0</ci>
                  <ci>fatty_acid</ci>
                  <ci>ATP</ci>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </math>
        </role>
      </variable_ref>
    </reaction>
  </component>

  <component name="reaction1">
    <variable name="Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="CoA_SH" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="Fatty_acyl_CoA" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="AMP" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="Acyl_CoA_synthetase" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride_rxn1" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_CoA_SH_rxn1" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_Fatty_acyl_CoA_rxn1" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_AMP_rxn1" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="km1" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="vmax1" initial_value="1.0" units="second_order_rate_constant" />
    <variable name="rate" units="flux" />
    <reaction reversible="no">
      <variable_ref variable="Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride">
        <role role="reactant" delta_variable="delta_Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride_rxn1" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="CoA_SH">
        <role role="reactant" delta_variable="delta_CoA_SH_rxn1" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="Fatty_acyl_CoA">
        <role role="product" delta_variable="delta_Fatty_acyl_CoA_rxn1" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="AMP">
        <role role="product" delta_variable="delta_AMP_rxn1" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="Acyl_CoA_synthetase">
        <role role="catalyst" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="rate">
        <role role="rate">
          <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
            <apply><eq />
              <ci>rate</ci>
              <apply><divide />
                <apply><times />
                  <ci>Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride</ci>
                  <ci>CoA_SH</ci>
                  <ci>vmax1</ci>
                </apply>
                <apply><plus />
                  <ci>km1</ci>
                  <ci>Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride</ci>
                  <ci>CoA_SH</ci>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </math>
        </role>
      </variable_ref>
    </reaction>
  </component>

  <component name="reaction2">
    <variable name="FAD" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="Fatty_acyl_CoA" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="FADH2" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="Acyl_CoA_dehydrogenase" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="trans_Enol_CoA" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_FAD_rxn2" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_Fatty_acyl_CoA_rxn2" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_FADH2_rxn2" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_trans_Enol_CoA_rxn2" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="km2" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="vmax2" initial_value="1.0" units="second_order_rate_constant" />
    <variable name="rate" units="flux" />
    <reaction reversible="no">
      <variable_ref variable="FAD">
        <role role="reactant" delta_variable="delta_FAD_rxn2" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="Fatty_acyl_CoA">
        <role role="reactant" delta_variable="delta_Fatty_acyl_CoA_rxn2" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="FADH2">
        <role role="product" delta_variable="delta_FADH2_rxn2" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="trans_Enol_CoA">
        <role role="product" delta_variable="delta_trans_Enol_CoA_rxn2" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="Acyl_CoA_dehydrogenase">
        <role role="catalyst" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="rate">
        <role role="rate">
          <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
            <apply><eq />
              <ci>rate</ci>
              <apply><divide />
                <apply><times />
                  <ci>FAD</ci>
                  <ci>Fatty_acyl_CoA</ci>
                  <ci>vmax2</ci>
                </apply>
                <apply><plus />
                  <ci>km2</ci>
                  <ci>FAD</ci>
                  <ci>Fatty_acyl_CoA</ci>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </math>
        </role>
      </variable_ref>
    </reaction>
  </component>

  <component name="reaction3">
    <variable name="trans_Enol_CoA" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="H2O" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="Enol_CoA_hydratase" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_trans_Enol_CoA_rxn3" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_H2O_rxn3" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA_rxn3" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="km3" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="vmax3" initial_value="1.0" units="second_order_rate_constant" />
    <variable name="rate" units="flux" />
    <reaction reversible="no">
      <variable_ref variable="trans_Enol_CoA">
        <role role="reactant" delta_variable="delta_trans_Enol_CoA_rxn3" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="H2O">
        <role role="reactant" delta_variable="delta_H2O_rxn3" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA">
        <role role="product" delta_variable="delta_L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA_rxn3" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="Enol_CoA_hydratase">
        <role role="catalyst" direction="forward" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="rate">
        <role role="rate">
          <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
            <apply><eq />
              <ci>rate</ci>
              <apply><divide />
                <apply><times />
                  <ci>trans_Enol_CoA</ci>
                  <ci>H2O</ci>
                  <ci>vmax3</ci>
                </apply>
                <apply><plus />
                  <ci>km3</ci>
                  <ci>trans_Enol_CoA</ci>
                  <ci>H2O</ci>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </math>
        </role>
      </variable_ref>
    </reaction>
  </component>

  <component name="reaction4">
    <variable name="L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="NAD" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="NADH" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="beta_Ketoacyl_CoA" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA_dehydrogenase" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="H" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA_rxn4" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_NAD_rxn4" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_NADH_rxn4" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_beta_Ketoacyl_CoA_rxn4" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_H_rxn4" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="km4" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="vmax4" initial_value="1.0" units="second_order_rate_constant" />
    <variable name="rate" units="flux" />
    <reaction reversible="no">
      <variable_ref variable="L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA">
        <role role="reactant" delta_variable="delta_L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA_rxn4" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="NAD">
        <role role="reactant" delta_variable="delta_NAD_rxn4" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="NADH">
        <role role="product" delta_variable="delta_NADH_rxn4" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="beta_Ketoacyl_CoA">
        <role role="product" delta_variable="delta_beta_Ketoacyl_CoA_rxn4" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="H">
        <role role="product" delta_variable="delta_H_rxn4" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA_dehydrogenase">
        <role role="catalyst" direction="forward" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="rate">
        <role role="rate">
          <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
            <apply><eq />
              <ci>rate</ci>
              <apply><divide />
                <apply><times />
                  <ci>L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA</ci>
                  <ci>NAD</ci>
                  <ci>vmax4</ci>
                </apply>
                <apply><plus />
                  <ci>km4</ci>
                  <ci>L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA</ci>
                  <ci>NAD</ci>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </math>
        </role>
      </variable_ref>
    </reaction>
  </component>

  <component name="reaction5">
    <variable name="CoA_SH" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="beta_Ketoacyl_CoA" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="Acetyl_CoA" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="Thiolase" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="Fatty_acyl_CoA_minus_2C" public_interface="in" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="delta_CoA_SH_rxn5" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_beta_Ketoacyl_CoA_rxn5" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_Acetyl_CoA_rxn5" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="delta_Fatty_acyl_CoA_minus_2C_rxn5" public_interface="out" units="flux" />
    <variable name="km5" initial_value="1.0" units="micromolar" />
    <variable name="vmax5" initial_value="1.0" units="second_order_rate_constant" />
    <variable name="rate" units="flux" />
    <reaction reversible="no">
      <variable_ref variable="CoA_SH">
        <role role="reactant" delta_variable="delta_CoA_SH_rxn5" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="beta_Ketoacyl_CoA">
        <role role="reactant" delta_variable="delta_beta_Ketoacyl_CoA_rxn5" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="Acetyl_CoA">
        <role role="product" delta_variable="delta_Acetyl_CoA_rxn5" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="Fatty_acyl_CoA_minus_2C">
        <role role="product" delta_variable="delta_Fatty_acyl_CoA_minus_2C_rxn5" stoichiometry="1" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="Thiolase">
        <role role="catalyst" direction="forward" />
      </variable_ref>
      <variable_ref variable="rate">
        <role role="rate">
          <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
            <apply><eq />
              <ci>rate</ci>
              <apply><divide />
                <apply><times />
                  <ci>CoA_SH</ci>
                  <ci>beta_Ketoacyl_CoA</ci>
                  <ci>vmax5</ci>
                </apply>
                <apply><plus />
                  <ci>km5</ci>
                  <ci>CoA_SH</ci>
                  <ci>beta_Ketoacyl_CoA</ci>
                </apply>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </math>
        </role>
      </variable_ref>
    </reaction>
  </component>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="fatty_acid" component_2="reaction0" />
    <map_variables variable_1="fatty_acid" variable_2="fatty_acid" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_fatty_acid_rxn0" variable_2="delta_fatty_acid_rxn0" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="ATP" component_2="reaction0" />
    <map_variables variable_1="ATP" variable_2="ATP" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_ATP_rxn0" variable_2="delta_ATP_rxn0" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="Pyrophosphate" component_2="reaction0" />
    <map_variables variable_1="Pyrophosphate" variable_2="Pyrophosphate" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_Pyrophosphate_rxn0" variable_2="delta_Pyrophosphate_rxn0" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="Fatty_acyl_CoA" component_2="reaction1" />
    <map_variables variable_1="Fatty_acyl_CoA" variable_2="Fatty_acyl_CoA" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_Fatty_acyl_CoA_rxn1" variable_2="delta_Fatty_acyl_CoA_rxn1" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="Fatty_acyl_CoA" component_2="reaction2" />
    <map_variables variable_1="Fatty_acyl_CoA" variable_2="Fatty_acyl_CoA" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_Fatty_acyl_CoA_rxn2" variable_2="delta_Fatty_acyl_CoA_rxn2" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="AMP" component_2="reaction1" />
    <map_variables variable_1="AMP" variable_2="AMP" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_AMP_rxn1" variable_2="delta_AMP_rxn1" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="CoA_SH" component_2="reaction1" />
    <map_variables variable_1="CoA_SH" variable_2="CoA_SH" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_CoA_SH_rxn1" variable_2="delta_CoA_SH_rxn1" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="CoA_SH" component_2="reaction5" />
    <map_variables variable_1="CoA_SH" variable_2="CoA_SH" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_CoA_SH_rxn5" variable_2="delta_CoA_SH_rxn5" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride" component_2="reaction0" />
    <map_variables variable_1="Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride" variable_2="Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride_rxn0" variable_2="delta_Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride_rxn0" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride" component_2="reaction1" />
    <map_variables variable_1="Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride" variable_2="Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride_rxn1" variable_2="delta_Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride_rxn1" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="trans_Enol_CoA" component_2="reaction2" />
    <map_variables variable_1="trans_Enol_CoA" variable_2="trans_Enol_CoA" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_trans_Enol_CoA_rxn2" variable_2="delta_trans_Enol_CoA_rxn2" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="trans_Enol_CoA" component_2="reaction3" />
    <map_variables variable_1="trans_Enol_CoA" variable_2="trans_Enol_CoA" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_trans_Enol_CoA_rxn3" variable_2="delta_trans_Enol_CoA_rxn3" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA" component_2="reaction3" />
    <map_variables variable_1="L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA" variable_2="L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA_rxn3" variable_2="delta_L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA_rxn3" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA" component_2="reaction4" />
    <map_variables variable_1="L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA" variable_2="L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA_rxn4" variable_2="delta_L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA_rxn4" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="beta_Ketoacyl_CoA" component_2="reaction4" />
    <map_variables variable_1="beta_Ketoacyl_CoA" variable_2="beta_Ketoacyl_CoA" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_beta_Ketoacyl_CoA_rxn4" variable_2="delta_beta_Ketoacyl_CoA_rxn4" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="beta_Ketoacyl_CoA" component_2="reaction5" />
    <map_variables variable_1="beta_Ketoacyl_CoA" variable_2="beta_Ketoacyl_CoA" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_beta_Ketoacyl_CoA_rxn5" variable_2="delta_beta_Ketoacyl_CoA_rxn5" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="Acetyl_CoA" component_2="reaction5" />
    <map_variables variable_1="Acetyl_CoA" variable_2="Acetyl_CoA" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_Acetyl_CoA_rxn5" variable_2="delta_Acetyl_CoA_rxn5" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="Fatty_acyl_CoA_minus_2C" component_2="reaction5" />
    <map_variables variable_1="Fatty_acyl_CoA_minus_2C" variable_2="Fatty_acyl_CoA_minus_2C" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_Fatty_acyl_CoA_minus_2C_rxn5" variable_2="delta_Fatty_acyl_CoA_minus_2C_rxn5" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="FAD" component_2="reaction2" />
    <map_variables variable_1="FAD" variable_2="FAD" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_FAD_rxn2" variable_2="delta_FAD_rxn2" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="FADH2" component_2="reaction2" />
    <map_variables variable_1="FADH2" variable_2="FADH2" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_FADH2_rxn2" variable_2="delta_FADH2_rxn2" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="H2O" component_2="reaction3" />
    <map_variables variable_1="H2O" variable_2="H2O" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_H2O_rxn3" variable_2="delta_H2O_rxn3" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="NAD" component_2="reaction4" />
    <map_variables variable_1="NAD" variable_2="NAD" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_NAD_rxn4" variable_2="delta_NAD_rxn4" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="NADH" component_2="reaction4" />
    <map_variables variable_1="NADH" variable_2="NADH" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_NADH_rxn4" variable_2="delta_NADH_rxn4" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="H" component_2="reaction4" />
    <map_variables variable_1="H" variable_2="H" />
    <map_variables variable_1="delta_H_rxn4" variable_2="delta_H_rxn4" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="fatty_acid" component_2="global_variables" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="ATP" component_2="global_variables" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="Pyrophosphate" component_2="global_variables" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="Fatty_acyl_CoA" component_2="global_variables" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="AMP" component_2="global_variables" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="CoA_SH" component_2="global_variables" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="Acyladenylate_mixed_anhydride" component_2="global_variables" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="trans_Enol_CoA" component_2="global_variables" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA" component_2="global_variables" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="beta_Ketoacyl_CoA" component_2="global_variables" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="Acetyl_CoA" component_2="global_variables" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="Fatty_acyl_CoA_minus_2C" component_2="global_variables" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="FAD" component_2="global_variables" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="FADH2" component_2="global_variables" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="H2O" component_2="global_variables" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="NAD" component_2="global_variables" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="NADH" component_2="global_variables" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="H" component_2="global_variables" />
    <map_variables variable_1="time" variable_2="time" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="Acyl_CoA_synthetase" component_2="reaction0" />
    <map_variables variable_1="Acyl_CoA_synthetase" variable_2="Acyl_CoA_synthetase" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="Acyl_CoA_synthetase" component_2="reaction1" />
    <map_variables variable_1="Acyl_CoA_synthetase" variable_2="Acyl_CoA_synthetase" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="Acyl_CoA_dehydrogenase" component_2="reaction2" />
    <map_variables variable_1="Acyl_CoA_dehydrogenase" variable_2="Acyl_CoA_dehydrogenase" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="Enol_CoA_hydratase" component_2="reaction3" />
    <map_variables variable_1="Enol_CoA_hydratase" variable_2="Enol_CoA_hydratase" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA_dehydrogenase" component_2="reaction4" />
    <map_variables variable_1="L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA_dehydrogenase" variable_2="L_3_Hydroxyacyl_CoA_dehydrogenase" />
  </connection>

  <connection>
    <map_components component_1="Thiolase" component_2="reaction5" />
    <map_variables variable_1="Thiolase" variable_2="Thiolase" />
  </connection>

</model>
